Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 419 U.S. 11 419 U.S. 393, 399 479 U.S. 883 532 U.S. 742, 749-750 537 U.S. 1085, 1123 537 U.S. 1147 Circuit Courts 638 F.2d 753 651 F.2d 387 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 673 F.2d 798 755 F.2d 777 784 F.2d 1546, 1553 902 F.2d 883, 890 89 F.3d 1562, 1566 131 F.3d 970, 988 133 F.3d 1419, 1422 161 F.3d 127, 138 206 F.3d 1106, 1137 213 F.3d 858, 866 221 F.3d 1266, 1278 247 F.3d 1262, 1271 260 F.3d 1302, 1308 263 F.3d 1234, 1243-1268 277 F.3d 908 289 F.3d 1283, 1293-1294 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)