Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 460 U.S. 462, 483-486 504 U.S. 555, 560-561 520 U.S. 43, 58 Circuit Courts 999 F.2d 1486, 1492 80 F.3d 464, 467 132 F.3d 1422, 1428-1429 181 F.3d 1275, 1279 249 F.3d 603, 605-606 267 F.3d 1269, 1283-1284 299 F.3d 1272, 1276 335 F.3d 1282, 1302 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)