Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 312 U.S. 569, 577 319 U.S. 105, 113-114 380 U.S. 51, 59 391 U.S. 367, 376-382 394 U.S. 147, 150-151 427 U.S. 50, 84 430 U.S. 188 452 U.S. 61, 71 466 U.S. 789, 798 475 U.S. 41 486 U.S. 750, 757 491 U.S. 397, 403 491 U.S. 781, 791 493 U.S. 215 501 U.S. 560, 565-571 529 U.S. 277, 289-296 534 U.S. 316, 322 535 U.S. 425, 443 Circuit Courts 734 F.2d 666, 675 767 F.2d 635, 639 861 F.2d 1102, 1104 928 F.2d 278, 284 936 F.2d 1189, 1205 941 F.2d 1157, 1165 959 F.2d 1305 973 F.2d 1255 989 F.2d 1524, 1532-1533 88 F.3d 441, 445 140 F.3d 993, 999 176 F.3d 1358, 1362-1363 187 F.3d 1251, 1254 199 F.3d 50, 60 200 F.3d 1325, 1335-1337 216 F.3d 807, 822-823 228 F.3d 831, 843-848 233 F.3d 1306, 1310-1311 238 F.3d 1273, 1287 274 F.3d 377, 395 284 F.3d 884, 890-891 298 F.3d 1228 132 F. Supp. 2d 1008 209 F. Supp. 2d 672, 691-692 450 F. Supp. 696 511 F. Supp. 1207 718 F. Supp. 1553, 1574 830 F. Supp. 99, 105 949 F. Supp. 988, 998-999 978 F. Supp. 1247, 1257