Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 391 U.S. 367 409 U.S. 109 422 U.S. 922 427 U.S. 50 430 U.S. 188, 193 452 U.S. 61 475 U.S. 41 477 U.S. 317, 322 491 U.S. 781, 798 501 U.S. 496, 520 501 U.S. 560 517 U.S. 484 529 U.S. 277 535 U.S. 425 Circuit Courts 824 F.2d 489, 493 827 F.2d 1329, 1333 837 F.2d 1268, 1274 886 F.2d 1415, 1423 941 F.2d 1157, 1161-1162 37 F.3d 595, 602 66 F.3d 272 107 F.3d 164 136 F.3d 683, 690 146 F.3d 99, 105 151 F.3d 900, 904 176 F.3d 1358, 1361 199 F.3d 50, 57-58 229 F.3d 1331, 1334 238 F.3d 1273, 1282-1286 242 F.3d 976, 985-997 277 F.3d 8 289 F.3d 358, 365 316 F.3d 702, 704-725 317 F.3d 856, 862 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 856 F. Supp. 641 973 F. Supp. 1428