Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 445 U.S. 326, 336-340 Circuit Courts 729 F.2d 1371, 1374 747 F.2d 1360, 1364-1365 766 F.2d 490, 493 780 F.2d 1559 799 F.2d 721, 724 823 F.2d 1476, 1482-1492 829 F.2d 1563, 1566-1567 885 F.2d 760, 763 888 F.2d 732, 745 959 F.2d 1566, 1568-1570 95 F.3d 1014, 1022 221 F.3d 1266, 1278-1279 244 F.3d 807, 810 273 F.3d 1341, 1345-1346 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)