Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 376 U.S. 254, 270 398 U.S. 6, 7-14 418 U.S. 264, 285-286 497 U.S. 1, 20 530 U.S. 914, 947 Circuit Courts 398 F.2d 218, 222-223 704 F.2d 569, 572 963 F.2d 1416, 1420 14 F.3d 449, 454 62 F.3d 1295, 1298 85 F.3d 1521, 1524-1525 116 F.3d 1364, 1369 123 F.3d 1353, 1367 127 F.3d 122, 128 130 F.3d 1381, 1384 137 F.3d 12, 16-17 163 F.3d 449, 453 182 F.3d 799, 802 183 F.3d 970 267 F.3d 1209, 1213 292 F.3d 695 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c)