Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 411 U.S. 792, 802 491 U.S. 164, 186 500 U.S. 90, 99 508 U.S. 439, 446 530 U.S. 133, 148 Circuit Courts 712 F.2d 1377, 1383 738 F.2d 1126 763 F.2d 1366, 1374 776 F.2d 265, 267 842 F.2d 274, 278 867 F.2d 1366 883 F.2d 977, 982 977 F.2d 295, 297 106 F.3d 1519, 1528-1538 138 F.3d 1366, 1369 158 F.3d 1177, 1192 226 F.3d 1229, 1253-1254 229 F.3d 1012, 1024-1025 241 F.3d 1334, 1338 244 F.3d 1253, 1262 247 F.3d 1172, 1182 256 F.3d 1095, 1105 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1)