Authorities Cited: United States Code 18 U.S.C. § 2 20 U.S.C. § 1097(a) Supreme Court 107 U.S. 665, 666-667 469 U.S. 70, 73 516 U.S. 137, 145-146 519 U.S. 482, 495 522 U.S. 23 Circuit Courts 843 F.2d 469, 471 943 F.2d 1284, 1286-1287 997 F.2d 1343, 1350-1352 1 F.3d 1161 96 F.3d 964, 970 120 F.3d 1181, 1188 121 F.3d 615, 621 198 F.3d 1293, 1299 206 F.3d 1267, 1271 216 F.3d 970, 976-979 245 F.3d 1217, 1227-1228 783 F. Supp. 590, 597 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(e)