Authorities Cited: United States Code 29 U.S.C. § 1001 29 U.S.C. § 1002(7) 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a) 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A)(i) Supreme Court 446 U.S. 318, 330 457 U.S. 147, 156-157 504 U.S. 555, 560 Circuit Courts 741 F.2d 1332, 1337 959 F.2d 1566, 1569 43 F.3d 48, 54 95 F.3d 1014, 1022-1023 120 F.3d 893, 899 130 F.3d 999, 1005 221 F.3d 1266, 1279 225 F.3d 1258, 1263-1267 247 F.3d 1262, 1271 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f) 838 F. Supp. 820, 828