Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 411 U.S. 792, 793 429 U.S. 274, 287 481 U.S. 604, 613 490 U.S. 228, 258 Circuit Courts 619 F.2d 606, 610 730 F.2d 258, 266 785 F.2d 862, 867-868 797 F.2d 1555, 1561 879 F.2d 459, 467 913 F.2d 398, 405 952 F.2d 942, 946 988 F.2d 1564, 1571-1572 15 F.3d 1013, 1021 55 F.3d 151, 154-156 71 F.3d 801, 805 98 F.3d 680, 684 99 F.3d 1078, 1085 106 F.3d 1519, 1543 109 F.3d 913, 935 118 F.3d 542, 547 141 F.3d 1457, 1460 147 F.3d 718, 725 150 F.3d 747, 752-753 157 F.3d 369, 378 157 F.3d 620, 624-625 158 F.3d 1177, 1187 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 163 F.3d 1236, 1249 171 F.3d 1364, 1369 177 F.3d 839, 854-855 181 F.3d 544, 552 185 F.3d 542, 544 187 F.3d 1287, 1304 189 F.3d 1310, 1313 205 F.3d 150, 158 208 F.3d 1303, 1305 215 F.3d 848, 852 219 F.3d 1280, 1293-1294 228 F.3d 68, 81 229 F.3d 1012, 1024 235 F.3d 219, 228-229 248 F.3d 1002, 1011 56 F. Supp. 2d 955, 960 84 F. Supp. 2d 1291, 1311 93 F. Supp. 2d 1201