Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 396 U.S. 346, 362 405 U.S. 727, 740 407 U.S. 163, 166-167 412 U.S. 669, 687 414 U.S. 488, 496 422 U.S. 490, 498 429 U.S. 274, 287-297 438 U.S. 265, 298 454 U.S. 464, 472 457 U.S. 147, 156 457 U.S. 991, 999 461 U.S. 95, 102-103 468 U.S. 737, 750-752 495 U.S. 149, 155 500 U.S. 44, 51-111 500 U.S. 72, 77 504 U.S. 555, 560-561 508 U.S. 656, 113-667 515 U.S. 200, 115-211 524 U.S. 11, 22-24 528 U.S. 18, 20-120 Circuit Courts 643 F.2d 1042 650 F.2d 760, 771 670 F.2d 995, 996 684 F.2d 1365, 1368-1369 709 F.2d 1468, 1469 738 F.2d 1230, 1231 823 F.2d 1476, 1482 891 F.2d 886, 888 934 F.2d 1462, 1465 987 F.2d 931, 938 996 F.2d 1527, 1530 5 F.3d 1397 30 F.3d 1332 77 F.3d 1325, 1333 122 F.3d 895 168 F.3d 405, 410 178 F.3d 1175, 1187 181 F.3d 1220, 1225 182 F.3d 1261, 1274 183 F.3d 1259, 1262-1263 193 F.3d 1342, 1346-1347 208 F.3d 1313, 1313-1314 213 F.3d 1331, 1333-1334 221 F.3d 1266, 1275-1280 222 F.3d 874, 879 223 F.3d 1231, 1241-1242 226 F.3d 1226, 1228 233 F.3d 1331, 1339-1340 32 F. Supp. 2d 1370 59 F. Supp. 2d 1314, 938-1323 106 F. Supp. 2d 1362