Authorities Cited: United States Code 18 U.S.C. § 1 Supreme Court 14 U.S. 17, 19-20 110 U.S. 574, 578 223 U.S. 442 358 U.S. 169, 177 414 U.S. 17, 18-20 437 U.S. 28, 35 506 U.S. 255, 259-262 Circuit Courts 68 F.2d 1283 463 F.2d 600 464 F.2d 1202, 1210 595 F.2d 101, 103 596 F.2d 137, 139 680 F.2d 13 716 F.2d 287, 290-291 759 F.2d 1486 790 F.2d 245, 250-251 853 F.2d 249, 252 874 F.2d 852, 857 926 F.2d 824, 827 926 F.2d 1311, 1319 959 F.2d 1535, 1538 983 F.2d 1413, 1419 984 F.2d 1139 995 F.2d 950 27 F.3d 723, 727 56 F.3d 403 56 F.3d 643 61 F.3d 291, 302 208 F.3d 27, 32 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 43 Fed. R. Crim. P. 43(a) Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)