Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 163 U.S. 537 371 U.S. 555, 558 411 U.S. 792, 802 424 U.S. 747, 772-796 429 U.S. 252, 270-271 429 U.S. 274, 285 431 U.S. 324, 342-397 435 U.S. 247, 264 437 U.S. 463, 469 458 U.S. 375, 391 467 U.S. 867, 875-876 521 U.S. 591, 617-624 Circuit Courts 417 F.2d 1122, 1125 485 F.2d 710, 714 519 F.2d 1090, 1099 586 F.2d 399, 409 625 F.2d 1235, 1237-1239 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 667 F.2d 33, 34 675 F.2d 671, 676 700 F.2d 1339, 1350-1356 741 F.2d 1406, 1412-1415 767 F.2d 1514, 1529 872 F.2d 1563, 1565 875 F.2d 1546, 1558 7 F.3d 1085, 1087 84 F.3d 734, 744 89 F.3d 411, 413 95 F.3d 1014, 1022-1024 118 F.3d 268, 274 130 F.3d 999, 1005-1006 151 F.3d 402, 415-420 168 F.3d 468, 476 176 F.3d 1357 202 F.3d 1303, 1319 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f) Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b)