Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 509 U.S. 502 Circuit Courts 297 F.2d 374, 378 317 F.2d 56, 58 446 F.2d 1057, 1060 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 738 F.2d 1181, 1185-1187 874 F.2d 1534 959 F.2d 1558, 1561 49 F.3d 1490, 1507-1508 49 F.3d 1517, 1521-1522 53 F.3d 1548, 1552-1555 71 F.3d 801, 804-805 106 F.3d 1519, 1526 146 F.3d 1286, 1289-1290 162 F.3d 662, 664 162 F.3d 1290, 1311 195 F.3d 1238, 1241-1244 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b)