Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1331 Code of Federal Regulations 28 C.F.R. § 541.40 28 C.F.R. § 541.46(e)(1) Supreme Court 403 U.S. 388 427 U.S. 215, 225 429 U.S. 97, 103-106 452 U.S. 337, 347 501 U.S. 294, 304-305 511 U.S. 825, 837 515 U.S. 472, 480-486 518 U.S. 343 520 U.S. 397, 410 533 U.S. 194, 202 545 U.S. 209 Circuit Courts 600 F.2d 189, 199 639 F.2d 559, 568 679 F.2d 1115, 1152 688 F.2d 266 703 F.2d 909, 911-912 728 F.2d 484, 487 828 F.2d 651, 653 928 F.2d 947, 949 954 F.2d 187, 192 41 F.3d 597, 599 43 F.3d 1082, 1087 76 F.3d 468, 480 80 F.3d 1433, 1442 83 F.3d 1083, 1089 83 F.3d 1197, 1202 104 F.3d 1229, 1232-1233 133 F.3d 767, 768-769 143 F.3d 1299, 1311 165 F.3d 803, 809-810 174 F.3d 464 207 F.3d 1202, 1205 214 F.3d 1162, 1164 254 F.3d 1214, 1219 256 F.3d 679, 683 299 F.3d 1173, 1180 348 F.3d 1250, 1257 358 F.3d 694, 708 370 F.3d 1028, 1030 392 F.3d 410 413 F.3d 1036, 1042 413 F.3d 1225, 1230-1240 422 F.3d 1059, 1069 427 F.3d 745, 751 435 F.3d 1252, 1259-1260 439 F.3d 1227, 1231-1233 445 F.3d 1254, 1257 461 F.3d 1269, 1293-1301 468 F.3d 488, 493 503 F.3d 1147, 1153-1154 516 F.3d 912, 916 526 F.3d 653, 663 533 F.3d 1192, 1198 850 F.3d 641, 645-646 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(ii) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)