Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 Code of Federal Regulations 17 C.F.R. § 230.901 Supreme Court 441 U.S. 768, 773 446 U.S. 680, 687-697 485 U.S. 224, 231-232 511 U.S. 164 521 U.S. 642, 651 535 U.S. 813, 816-819 547 U.S. 71 Circuit Courts 401 F.2d 833, 861-862 439 F.2d 351, 366 469 F.2d 20, 26 546 F.2d 1361, 1366 587 F.2d 1149, 1171 672 F.2d 766, 770 694 F.2d 130, 142 994 F.2d 767, 769 8 F.3d 1358, 1362 50 F.3d 615, 628 77 F.3d 1215, 1225-1226 86 F.3d 973, 977 101 F.3d 1450, 1467 102 F.3d 390, 397 152 F.3d 169, 175 210 F.3d 1207, 1221 214 F.3d 1261, 1264 223 F.3d 165, 176 228 F.3d 1057, 1061 256 F.3d 1194, 1205 334 F.3d 1183, 1191-1192 363 F.3d 481, 486 465 F.3d 19 465 F.3d 780 502 F.3d 122, 125 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 235 F. Supp. 2d 549, 586-591 274 F. Supp. 2d 379, 418-419 363 F. Supp. 2d 708, 724 412 F. Supp. 2d 349, 371-378 524 F. Supp. 2d 477, 490 525 F. Supp. 2d 415, 419-420 958 F. Supp. 846, 862-863