Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 373 U.S. 83 424 U.S. 319 472 U.S. 511, 524-529 514 U.S. 35, 43 533 U.S. 194 Circuit Courts 655 F.2d 627, 641 977 F.2d 1392, 1393 979 F.2d 746, 749 57 F.3d 924, 929-930 81 F.3d 988, 994 107 F.3d 913, 916 219 F.3d 1197, 1214 278 F.3d 370, 374 285 F.3d 298, 315 309 F.3d 1216, 1221 317 F.3d 1121, 1129 359 F.3d 1279, 1283-1285 460 F.3d 1328, 1339 494 F.3d 891 519 F.3d 1067, 1076 519 F.3d 1242, 1247-1253 521 F.3d 1118, 1128 523 F.3d 1147, 1153-1165 528 F.3d 790, 796 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) 460 F. Supp. 2d 226, 246