Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 428 U.S. 106, 120 516 U.S. 59, 70-72 517 U.S. 559 538 U.S. 408 Circuit Courts 703 F.2d 1152, 1167-1171 796 F.2d 1307, 1312 824 F.2d 1537, 1546 849 F.2d 464, 466-467 883 F.2d 842 922 F.2d 624, 629 928 F.2d 966, 970 24 F.3d 1272, 1278 36 F.3d 1491, 1498 68 F.3d 1257 111 F.3d 1515, 1521 144 F.3d 664, 679 148 F.3d 1206, 1216 189 F.3d 1251, 1278-1279 358 F.3d 757, 776 378 F.3d 790, 797 387 F.3d 1146, 1164-1165 450 F.3d 1146, 1157 497 F.3d 1079, 1086 500 F.3d 1007, 1015 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 28(j) 335 F. Supp. 2d 702, 711