Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 110 U.S. 516, 527 302 U.S. 319, 325 381 U.S. 479, 485 425 U.S. 238, 245 507 U.S. 292, 305 521 U.S. 702, 719-721 523 U.S. 833, 840-846 538 U.S. 760 539 U.S. 558 Circuit Courts 701 F.2d 470, 483 791 F.2d 736, 741 802 F.2d 1131, 1138 889 F.2d 929, 932 93 F.3d 238, 242 336 F.3d 1194 358 F.3d 804, 817 378 F.3d 1232, 1236-1239 379 F.3d 1208, 1215 387 F.3d 1146, 1163 412 F.3d 808, 817 458 F.3d 1177, 1181 482 F.3d 1277, 1278 500 F.3d 850, 864 507 F.3d 961, 964 517 F.3d 738, 745 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 495 F. Supp. 2d 390, 411-412