Authorities Cited: United States Code 15 U.S.C. § 1 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1985 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) Supreme Court 411 U.S. 792 477 U.S. 242, 250-251 518 U.S. 668, 678-681 530 U.S. 133, 147-151 Circuit Courts 217 F.2d 262, 266 745 F.2d 614, 617-618 966 F.2d 1456 40 F.3d 247, 251 75 F.3d 1225, 1230 87 F.3d 624, 641 108 F.3d 1319, 1323 117 F.3d 1137, 1139 201 F.3d 830, 835 210 F.3d 1201, 1203 217 F.3d 823, 835-836 220 F.3d 1220, 1230 245 F.3d 1172, 1179 247 F.3d 1091, 1102-1107 297 F.3d 694, 699 298 F.3d 333, 342 330 F.3d 1275, 1282 382 F.3d 1064, 1070 450 F.3d 476, 484-486 468 F.3d 642, 659 479 F.3d 1229, 1245 493 F.3d 1160, 1168 505 F.3d 1070, 1077 506 F.3d 1021, 1025 506 F.3d 1303, 1309 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 Fed. R. Civ. P. 50 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 701