Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 490 U.S. 386, 388-397 515 U.S. 304, 313 533 U.S. 194, 201-202 Circuit Courts 998 F.2d 867, 873 45 F.3d 1472, 1476 195 F.3d 1208, 1214 252 F.3d 1124, 1128-1132 338 F.3d 1125, 1133 399 F.3d 1216, 1220 421 F.3d 1128, 1131 455 F.3d 1146, 1150 499 F.3d 1196, 1202 500 F.3d 1185, 1191 509 F.3d 1278, 1284 511 F.3d 1255, 1258-1259 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2)