Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 398 U.S. 144, 168 436 U.S. 658, 690-694 438 U.S. 478, 500 457 U.S. 800, 818 478 U.S. 186 483 U.S. 635, 638 485 U.S. 112, 123-145 491 U.S. 701, 710-737 517 U.S. 370, 377 517 U.S. 620 526 U.S. 687, 708 533 U.S. 194, 200 539 U.S. 558 Circuit Courts 96 F.2d 457, 460 513 F.2d 1327, 1328 576 F.2d 834, 836 694 F.2d 1240, 1241 822 F.2d 97 871 F.2d 1068 876 F.2d 808, 819 879 F.2d 706, 724 881 F.2d 454 902 F.2d 815 976 F.2d 623 982 F.2d 952, 959 69 F.3d 441 155 F.3d 1211 340 F.3d 1118, 1121 379 F.3d 11 425 F.3d 735, 745 469 F.3d 870, 890 480 F.3d 377 494 F.3d 891 506 F.3d 1281, 1284 509 F.3d 1278, 1284 511 F.3d 1044 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 10(a) Fed. R. App. P. 10(b)(2) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b) Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 201(a)