Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 446 U.S. 544, 553 458 U.S. 886, 908 471 U.S. 1, 7 472 U.S. 511 474 U.S. 805 477 U.S. 242, 255 490 U.S. 386, 396 514 U.S. 35, 42-51 515 U.S. 204, 316-319 516 U.S. 299, 313 533 U.S. 194, 201 543 U.S. 146, 152-153 Circuit Courts 749 F.2d 1423, 1433 774 F.2d 1029, 1031 839 F.2d 9, 11 936 F.2d 1561, 1569 960 F.2d 1493, 1498 992 F.2d 1053, 1055 29 F.3d 1012, 1017-1018 45 F.3d 1472, 1476 51 F.3d 1531, 1536-1537 76 F.3d 1127, 1136 81 F.3d 988, 994-995 98 F.3d 1247 118 F.3d 1416, 1423 127 F.3d 1416, 1419-1420 147 F.3d 1252, 1256 195 F.3d 1208, 1219 197 F.3d 1048, 1051 204 F.3d 947, 961 206 F.3d 1021, 1026 211 F.3d 527, 533 242 F.3d 905, 916-917 242 F.3d 928, 933 250 F.3d 843, 853 252 F.3d 1124, 1132 254 F.3d 946, 952 264 F.3d 965, 978 276 F.3d 1125, 1130 311 F.3d 1340, 1355 359 F.3d 1279, 1298 383 F.3d 1058, 1067 392 F.3d 410, 415 429 F.3d 963, 967-968 434 F.3d 565, 574-578 439 F.3d 636, 647 441 F.3d 1252, 1260 443 F.3d 1286, 1289 451 F.3d 1139, 1154-1155 464 F.3d 1182, 1198 465 F.3d 46, 59 478 F.3d 1108, 1117-1127