Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1441 Supreme Court 421 U.S. 723 544 U.S. 336, 345 547 U.S. 71 547 U.S. 633, 637-644 Circuit Courts 279 F.3d 590 292 F.3d 1334, 1346 295 F.3d 875, 879-880 353 F.3d 765 391 F.3d 698, 701-702 395 F.3d 25 398 F.3d 294, 299-305 493 F.3d 1210, 1215 494 F.3d 833, 842-843 499 F.3d 1228, 1238 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) 116 F. Supp. 2d 917, 923-924 120 F. Supp. 2d 795, 798 234 F. Supp. 2d 1043, 1051 315 F. Supp. 2d 404, 413-415 341 F. Supp. 2d 258, 265-270 453 F. Supp. 2d 416, 419 463 F. Supp. 2d 505, 508 483 F. Supp. 2d 692, 696-703