Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1658 42 U.S.C. § 1981 43 U.S.C. § 1981 Supreme Court 401 U.S. 424, 429-430 510 U.S. 17, 21 536 U.S. 101, 105-121 538 U.S. 343, 388 541 U.S. 369, 382 Circuit Courts 863 F.2d 1503, 1511 983 F.2d 1573, 1583 12 F.3d 668, 675 18 F.3d 836, 838-839 36 F.3d 1491, 1502 43 F.3d 545, 551 47 F.3d 385, 389 61 F.3d 777, 782-784 111 F.3d 1506, 1513-1514 112 F.3d 1398, 1410 129 F.3d 1408, 1414 136 F.3d 1424, 1432 144 F.3d 664, 673-678 162 F.3d 1062, 1073-1074 172 F.3d 1232 191 F.3d 647, 663-664 220 F.3d 1220, 1225 222 F.3d 767, 775 238 F.3d 1255, 1256-1258 242 F.3d 179, 185 288 F.3d 1040, 1047 300 F.3d 1183, 1185-1193 305 F.3d 1280, 1282-1283 315 F.3d 854, 859 328 F.3d 1255, 1257-1258 330 F.3d 1051, 1061 337 F.3d 1213, 1216 347 F.3d 1208, 1211 360 F.3d 1103, 1116 388 F.3d 263, 270 397 F.3d 1300, 1304-1312 472 F.3d 920, 928-930 474 F.3d 675, 680 475 F.3d 1179, 1187 489 F.3d 1089, 1102 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(C) 154 F. Supp. 2d 820, 824-825 177 F. Supp. 2d 961, 965