Authorities Cited: United States Code 15 U.S.C. § 1 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 416 U.S. 232, 236 457 U.S. 800, 817-818 483 U.S. 635, 646 489 U.S. 189, 195-197 516 U.S. 299, 306 523 U.S. 574 544 U.S. 336, 347 Circuit Courts 544 F.2d 543, 546 974 F.2d 119 22 F.3d 991, 995 64 F.3d 567, 575 126 F.3d 1288, 1293 242 F.3d 905, 916-923 299 F.3d 1173, 1182-1183 461 F.3d 1269, 1294 490 F.3d 143, 157 493 F.3d 1174, 1177 499 F.3d 663, 667 510 F.3d 1196, 1200 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)