Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 427 U.S. 347 445 U.S. 507 472 U.S. 511, 530 483 U.S. 635, 640 497 U.S. 62, 64-78 510 U.S. 510, 512 515 U.S. 304, 317 520 U.S. 259, 271 533 U.S. 194, 200 536 U.S. 730, 741 Circuit Courts 829 F.2d 317, 320 957 F.2d 1347, 1349 4 F.3d 429, 434 42 F.3d 582 115 F.3d 1442, 1451-1452 188 F.3d 1247 242 F.3d 905, 916-917 308 F.3d 1081, 1091 354 F.3d 1179, 1184-1185 469 F.3d 910, 913-914 486 F.3d 1177, 1180 490 F.3d 265, 272-274 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 277 F. Supp. 2d 1095 955 F. Supp. 1338, 1346