Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 392 U.S. 1, 16 457 U.S. 800, 818 475 U.S. 335, 341 490 U.S. 386, 396-397 533 U.S. 194, 205-206 536 U.S. 730, 739-741 543 U.S. 194, 198-199 Circuit Courts 922 F.2d 1456, 1462-1463 960 F.2d 1493, 1498 966 F.2d 292, 294 8 F.3d 1455, 1462 50 F.3d 1186, 1192-1193 114 F.3d 1024, 1028-1029 268 F.3d 1179, 1185-1195 312 F.3d 1304, 1314-1315 394 F.3d 836, 841 406 F.3d 1224, 1230 410 F.3d 1221, 1230 429 F.3d 963, 966 464 F.3d 1182, 1188 471 F.3d 601, 607 478 F.3d 1108, 1114-1127 478 F.3d 1131 500 F.3d 1200, 1203-1204 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56