Authorities Cited: United States Code 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(1) 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3) 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e)(1) 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(7) Supreme Court 263 U.S. 413 375 U.S. 411, 415-428 460 U.S. 462 465 U.S. 75, 80-85 544 U.S. 280, 291 545 U.S. 323, 339 Circuit Courts 760 F.2d 359, 360 782 F.2d 306, 312 884 F.2d 629, 637 889 F.2d 1181, 1183 964 F.2d 1227, 1230 172 F.3d 104, 109 204 F.3d 14, 18 287 F.3d 202, 208-209 344 F.3d 134, 141 438 F.3d 113, 115-116 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a) 275 F. Supp. 2d 871, 876-877