Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 342 U.S. 246, 276 355 U.S. 225, 229 373 U.S. 83 449 U.S. 952 450 U.S. 261, 271 471 U.S. 419, 433-434 498 U.S. 192, 203-204 512 U.S. 1223 514 U.S. 419, 434 535 U.S. 162, 172-173 539 U.S. 928 540 U.S. 916 Circuit Courts 469 F.2d 1, 4-5 620 F.2d 912, 915 625 F.2d 1017, 1019 779 F.2d 1228, 1233-1234 929 F.2d 25, 31 966 F.2d 1500, 1503-1504 14 F.3d 703, 706 15 F.3d 1216, 1220 48 F.3d 586, 588 249 F.3d 38, 45 292 F.3d 22, 30 319 F.3d 12, 41-42 329 F.3d 253, 257 387 F.3d 42, 44-52 508 F.3d 63, 72-74 511 F.3d 7, 16 278 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73-98 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 44(c)(2)